Impact of Automobile Essay

There are things and objects in our life that could not be given up when they become part of our life. Throughout the history, there have been many objects and things like that. At the prehistoric ages, that had been their hunting tool. At the medieval age, especially for men that was his horse or his domestic animal. At the modern age, those have been their automobiles. Since for now, automobiles are so important and impactful for us and our daily life in many aspects. These are cultural, economic, and environmental. Firstly, as a cultural impact, automobiles came with new concepts and thoughts in our life. Especially, when the first automobile was introduced, it was working with steams like locomotives. It is not much more than bicycle at a first glance. Also, it had many problems and continued to have a problem after its invention. Then, automobiles with gas were introduced. With gas cars, many things changed. From day by day, they became more popular. Furthermore, with Henry Ford’s assembly line, they were cheaper at that time when they compared with their ancestors. That affected the history of automobiles. The love affair between people and automobiles has begun like as it happened between men and their horse at the history. The new horse was our automobiles. After Henry Ford’s contribution, in 50’s, American’s hit the road. There were new concepts like â€Å"American muscle† and automobiles have been the inevitable part of â€Å"American dream†. After now, people have started to go to job, shopping, in short travelling to anywhere, with their cars. Indeed, with automobile history, we could see the impact over our culture and change in our lives is apparent. Moreover, economic effect is inevitable too. First of all, Carrying objects with the automobiles come with problem how much we can carry. The solution was big automobiles called trucks and buses. That changed the mass transit, individual transit and trucks transportation resulting with economic issues. Now, people can go to their works using their cars and mass transit. That could change the city life. Discarding the traffic problem, it was a miracle for men or women both to work in a city and to live in rural area. But now, millions of people live like that in most of all of countries. Also, new industry called transportation industry was born. Adding that, there are now huge amount of earnings from mass transit, taxes, ticket collection. By using this money, government could spend on other issues in a country. As a conclusion, automobiles have another impact over economic events. Finally, environmental impact is another big aspect of the subject. At first, no matter how automobiles are miracle for our lives, environmental pollution increase is the problematic part of them. Think about several millions of people are smoking in the area of sized city. That could be harmful for us as well as environment. Now think that, these smoking people are now automobiles. That is destructive for the nature, come up with diseases for living beings. Even in some areas, the number of cars is equal to the number of people. So, from now on non-polluting cars are popular and will be much more popular in the near future. For example, hybrid cars can be seen on streets as a price of middle class cars. These cars are the friend of nature, and some of them have zero carbon emission. There are also some alternatives such as cars with hydrogen fuel. Since combustible with carbon results with carbon dioxide, hydrogen cars give water to the nature. This is another miracle for the car history. As human beings try to find solutions to every problem, we will try to find forthcoming problems of automobiles as we have done in the past. In conclusion, cars have several impacts on our lives. They have changed our lifestyle, living habits, city lives. They have also great effect on transportation and mass transit. Finally, they changed the way we think to our nature and environment. Indeed, we could not live without automobiles. They will change their technology and appearance but the way that we use in our lives may not change. And from generation to generation, we will have new habits and things as it was happened in the past. The invention of the automobile was without doubt one of the most groundbraking advancements in human technology. Today we can not imagine a world without it anymore. A large portion of our everyday life is dominated by cars – they are important not only while we are actually driving. The noise they produce, the streets built for them or the possibilities they offer are always a part of our perception. Doubtlessly cars have an enormous economic value. Without the automobile and derivations like trucks, the productivity of a modern economy would seriously be affected. The biggest part of transportation of goods is still conducted by trucks. But the automobile does not only contribute to modern economies as a means of transportation. It also has profound effects on the availability and distribution of working places. Having a car largely increases a family’s mobility and flexibility. Because of the possibility to commute the advantages of life on the countryside can still be enjoyed while being occupied in an urban region. This is also a part of the change in lifestyle made by the spreading of the automobile. Children can now be raised in a non-urban environment even if their parents work in the city center. Cars may also contribute to a strenghtening of family ties especially if the members live in distant regions. It may be much more agreeable to cover such distances by car than by other means of transportation. Last but not least cars can be considered an addition to personal freedom. They facilitate travelling, make it possible to eperience larger parts of a country and thus increase a person’s horizon. On the other hand, cars are linked to a variety of problems. The most important of which are environmental ones. Cars are one of the biggest contributor to all kinds of pollution. A large proportion of the total amount of carbon dioxide produced by humans originates from the use of cars. Thus they contribute to the depletion of the ozon layer as well as to global warming. They also add to the pollution of densly inhabitated regions by producing noise and as the main factor in the widespread phenomena called ‘smog’. The increased mobility also contributed to a development which is widely known as urban sprawl, which is the extensive development of suburbs and vice versa the declension of city centers. Furthermore taking into account the yearly number of deaths in traffic it is obvious that cars also produce a lot of problems which have to be tackled in order to fully enjoy this invention. Through continuous improvement and the ingenious application of new technology, the automobile reconfirmed and updated its status as a triumph of engineering throughout the 20th century. I was fortunate to witness and participate in one of the most significant stages of this ongoing transformation. When I joined the industry in 1949, automobiles were still literally just mechanical objects. By the time I retired 40 years later they had become complex electronic devices on wheels. The first semiconductor computer chip went onboard in the mid-1970s. Before long, microprocessors were improving just about every aspect of the vehicle—emissions, fuel economy, safety, security, engine and transmission performance, ride and handling, even seat positioning. Electronics also transformed cars and trucks into mobile entertainment and communication centers. During my years in the industry, there were other profound changes that challenged the engineering community. Government regulations in the 1960s mandated cleaner, safer, more fuel-efficient vehicles in a rapid time frame. In the 1970s increasing global competition brought a surge of high-quality, low-cost competitive products from overseas into the United States. American manufacturers were painfully reminded of the fundamental importance of quality and took on the challenge of making our vehicles world class once again. We had to relearn some of the lessons of manufacturing excellence, such as the critical need for standardized, precision-made parts, that we had taught the world at the beginning of the century. Shortly after I became president of Ford Motor Company I saw a television program—If Japan Can, Why Can’t We? —that described Toyota’s success in improving quality and gave W. Edwards Deming major credit for Toyota’s success. I met with Ed Deming and liked his ideas for improving quality and his emphasis on the importance of people. Peter Drucker also was involved in the Japanese resurgence and emphasized people. For me personally these two men were a major help in forming the ways we worked together to improve product quality. We began engaging people at all levels and in all functions in what became known as the employee involvement movement in the 1980s. Encouraging everyone to participate and channeling individual and team efforts toward well-defined common goals produced remarkable results. As measured by owner-reported â€Å"things gone wrong,† vehicle quality improved more than 60 percent from 1980 to 1987 models. Breakthrough products such as the radically aerodynamic 1986 Ford Taurus helped convince consumers that American manufacturers could not only decrease defects but also increase design and engineering attributes that maximized product appeal. Today the automobile remains the most voracious consumer of new technology of any product in the marketplace. And promising new technological developments, such as the use of fuel cells as a power source, will undoubtedly keep the automobile on the leading edge of technology in the 21st century. But whatever shape the technology takes and wherever it leads us, we would do well to remember the lesson we learned in the 1980s to honor and encourage the people behind new ideas. The History of the Automobile Starting in the late 1700’s, European engineers began tinkering with motor powered vehicles. Steam, combustion, and electrical motors had all been attempted by the mid 1800’s. By the 1900’s, it was uncertain which type of engine would power the automobile. At first, the electric car was the most popular, but at the time a battery did not exist that would allow a car to move with much speed or over a long distance. Even though some of the earlier speed records were set by electric cars, they did not stay in production past the first decade of the 20th century. The steam-driven automobile lasted into 1920’s. However, the price on steam powered engines, either to build or maintain was incomparable to the gas powered engines. Not only was the price a problem, but the risk of a boiler explosion also kept the steam engine from becoming popular. The combustion engine continually beat out the competition, and the early American automobile pioneers like Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford built reliable combustion engines, rejecting the ideas of steam or electrical power from the start. Automotive production on a commercial scale started in France in 1890. Commercial production in the United States began at the beginning of the 1900’s and was equal to that of Europe’s. In those days, the European industry consisted of small independent firms that would turn out a few cars by means of precise engineering and handicraft methods. The American automobile plants were assembly line operations, which meant using parts made by independent suppliers and putting them together at the plant. In the early 1900’s, the United States had about 2,000 firms producing one or more cars. By 1920 the number of firms had decreased to about 100 and by 1929 to 44. In 1976 the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association had only 11 members. The same situation occurred in Europe and Japan. The first automobile produced for the masses in the US was the three-horsepower, curved-dash Oldsmobile; 425 of them were sold in 1901 and 5,000 in 1904–this model is still prized by collectors. The firm prospered, and it was noted by others, and, from 1904 to 1908, 241 automobile-manufacturing firms went into business in the United States. One of these was the Ford Motor Company which was organized in June 1903, and sold its first car on the following July 23. The company produced 1,700 cars during its first full year of business. Henry Ford produced the Model T to be an economical car for the average American. By 1920 Ford sold over a million cars. At the beginning of the century the automobile entered the transportation market as a toy for the rich. However, it became increasingly popular among the general population because it gave travelers the freedom to travel when they wanted to and where they wanted. As a result, in North America and Europe the automobile became cheaper and more accessible to the middle class. This was facilitated by Henry Ford who did two important things. First he priced his car to be as affordable as possible and second, he paid his workers enough to be able to purchase the cars they were manufacturing. This helped push wages and auto sales upward. The convenience of the automobile freed people from the need to live near rail lines or stations; they could choose locations almost anywhere in an urban area, as long as roads were available to connect them to other places. Many states in the US established motor fuel taxes that were used only to build and maintain highways helping the auto highway system become self-supporting. Popularity of the automobile has consistently moved with the state of the economy, growing during the boom period after World War I and dropping abruptly during the Great Depression, when unemployment was high. World War II saw a large increase in mass transit because employment was high and automobiles were scarce. The rapid growth of car owners after World War II, particularly in the United States and Western Europe demonstrated the population’s favor towards automobiles. During the war, automobile motors, fuel, and tires were in short supply. There was an unsatisfied demand when the war ended and plenty of production capacity as factories turned off the war machine. Many people had saved money because there was little to buy, beyond necessities, in the war years. Workers relied heavily on mass transportation during the war and longed for the freedom and flexibility of the automobile. A historian has said that Henry Ford freed common people from the limitations of their geography. The automobile created mobility on a scale never known before, and the total effect on living habits and social customs is endless. In the days of horse-drawn transportation, the practical limit of wagon travel was 10 to 15 miles, so that meant any community or individual farm more than 15 miles from a city, a railroad, or a navigable waterway was isolated from the mainstream of economic and social life. Motor vehicles and paved roads have narrowed the gap between rural and urban life. Farmers can ship easily and economically by truck and can drive to town when it is convenient. In addition, such institutions as regional schools and hospitals are now accessible by bus and car. Yet, the effect on city life has been, if anything, more prominent than the effect on the farms. The automobile has radically changed city life by accelerating the outward expansion of population into the suburbs. The suburban trend is emphasized by the fact that highway transportation encourages business and industry to move outward to sites where land is cheaper, where access by car and truck is easier than in crowded cities, and where space is available for their one or two story structures. Better roads were constructed, which further increased travel throughout the nation. As with other automobile-related phenomena, the trend is most noticeable in the United States but is rapidly appearing elsewhere in the world. Before the automobile, people both lived in the city and worked in the city, or lived in the country and worked on a farm. Because of the automobile, the growth of suburbs has allowed people to live on the outskirts of the city and be able to work in the city by commuting. New jobs due to the impact of the automobile such as fast food, city/highway construction, state patrol/police, convenience stores, gas stations, auto repair shops, auto shops, etc. allow more employment for the world’s growing population.

A report on Activity Based Costing Approach

a ) Activity-based costing ( ABC ) is a bing attack that assigns activity costs to be objects on the footing on cost driver use. Costss are assigned to each major activity instead than sections and step the resources consumed by cost objects more accurately. B ) Absorption bing absorbed all operating expenses into the cost of production. WWonka plc ‘s budged and selling distribution cost and entire list monetary value is ?990,000 and ?9,000,000 severally. Therefore, the soaking up rate is 11 % ( ?990,000/?9,000,000 ) . Planing an activity-based costing system involves four stairss: ( 1 ) placing the major activities and resource costs, ( 2 ) assignment costs to each activity, ( 3 ) find the cost driver for each activity, and ( 4 ) delegating the cost of activities to be objects. degree Celsius ) To: Management of WWonka PLC Report on activity-based costing attack In the 1980s, more and more houses adopted activity-based costing to replace the volume-based costing system. The volume-based system merely takes history of direct costs and uses an overhead rate that may over-cost or under-cost the merchandise. By implementing ABC, it shows the consequence of differences in activities and alterations in costs. It merely charges for resources consumed and generates the most accurate costs. Firms are benefited greatly by the acceptance of activity-based costing attack. ABC assigns cost more suitably and instructively so that company could accomplish better measurings on merchandise and client profitableness. This provides information to the company for doing better strategic determinations such as pricing and gives the company a cost advantage over rivals. Besides, ABC measures the activity-driving costs more accurately. This helps the troughs identify the value-added and non-value-added activities which enables the company to further value enhancement undertakings and procedure value by doing better determinations. Besides, ABC draws director ‘s attending on those inefficiencies so that betterments can be made and allocate resources to the most good merchandise. In add-on, the betterment on cost decrease causes better cost appraisal for planning and budgeting. ABC can used to supervise costs every bit good. By comparing the costs and doing accommodation, this hel ps the house to command the cost tendencies. Furthermore, ABC can be used as a benchmark to compare the public presentation with similar houses and do betterment. Furthermore, ABC bing helps to place and command the cost of underutilization of capacity. Generally, many workss have extra capacity in off seasons. The ABC system helps to pull off capacity degree of houses to cut down the cost of fresh capacity and set the monetary value suitably. Although ABC brings many benefits to the houses, there are some restrictions that need to aware. First, WWonka plc is presently utilizing soaking up costing, put ining a new ABC system is dearly-won and time-consuming. The cost may outweigh the benefits bring to the company. Second, companies do non hold big figure of merchandises have small benefit from ABC. As WWonka has merely two types of orders, ABC attack is non that worthwhile. Third, some concern prolonging costs such as belongings revenue enhancement and mill insurance require allotments to sections and based on volume steps. These costs are hard to delegate and necessitate to utilize the volume-based cost driver. Fourthly, some costs such as advertisement disbursals, research and development are omitted in ABC system because the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles regard these costs as period costs. ABC system provides elaborate information to directors for decision-making. By activity analysis, cost can be reduced in four ways: activity riddance, activity choice, activity sharing and activity decrease. First, the directors need to place the high-value-added and low-valued-added activities and merely maintain those that add value. In WWonka, wadding is a low-valued-added activity as it will non diminish clients ‘ satisfaction much if eliminated. On the other manus, bringing is a high-valued-added activity as it increases significantly the value of the merchandise to clients. The above pie charts show the per centum cost of activities in order A and B. From the informations in portion B, the merchandising and distribution operating expenses are a‚Â ¤101.88 for order A and a‚Â ¤182.48 for B. The list monetary value of order B is a‚Â ¤400 lower than order A, directors could set the list monetary value of order B somewhat in order to do order B more profitable. Besides, from the charts, we can see that the wadding costs occupy rather a big part of the entire operating expenses in both order A and B. As wadding is a comparatively low-value-added activity, WWonka could take down the wadding cost for illustration by utilizing cheaper or recycled wrapping stuff and go more environmentally friendly. Furthermore, WWonka could buy larger bringing vehicles which can transport more bundles in one clip. This could cut down the clip of going back to the house and shortens the bringing clip. Furthermore, in order B, the specific bringing distance is 48 stat mis which is about 5 times of order A ( 10 stat mis ) , it might be inefficient if present both A and B together by utilizing the same vehicle. WWonka could present order A & A ; B individually in order to use the bringing vehicles more expeditiously. In add-on, the other operating expenses contribute a high part of the operating expenses every bit good. These cost may deduce from reviews, blessings and rework. These activities can be eliminated by quality confidence methods such as ISO 9000 and entire quality direction. These can keep the quality of cocoas and some of the costs can be eliminated or reduced. Finally, WWonka can better public presentation and cut costs by concern procedure reengineering, the reengineering squads can utilize the informations in portion B and reengineer the procedure and do betterments in every facets. Through activity-based direction, directors can better efficiency and effectivity of the organisation and increase profitableness and fight. vitamin D ) Activity-based bing brings many benefits to the company. However, it is non the optimum costing system for every organisation. Generally, ABC is effectual for organisations that have intensive competition, diverse scope of merchandises, operating expenses are the chief cost of the merchandise and high handiness of information aggregation processs and resources. For individual merchandise houses, all costs are attributed to the individual merchandise straight, the operating expenses consumed by each merchandise are comparatively similar or equal and will merely creates small deformation of costs when utilizing volume-based-costing system. It is non worthwhile to run ABC. However, when there is a high diverseness of merchandises, ABC calculates the costs more accurately than volume-based costing. In a merchandise mix company, every single merchandise has different parts in ingestion of operating expenses because of different merchandise size, complexness, setup clip and procedure. Each single merchandise ‘s usage of resources differs from the usage of volume-based cost drivers so that it can non mensurate by the volume-based-costing systems. Otherwise, it may hold cost deformation and cause important errors in determination. Hence, ABC is effectual for merchandise mix instead than individual merchandise house. Besides, cost construction is a standard to make up one's mind the effectivity of a costing system. ABC will be most effectual when operating expenses have a important part of entire cost and big portion of the costs is non related to production volume straight. For illustration, in an accounting house, supplying professional services to clients is the chief occupation of the company. Wages are the largest cost while indirect costs merely constitute a low proportion of the entire costs. In this instance, labor costs are the bulk of the entire cost and ABC is less preferable as the costs could be traced easy. In contrast, a fabrication house will hold wholly different cost construction. The indirect operating expenses have a high proportion of the entire costs. For these types of houses, ABC is more effectual because the volume-based costing system causes inaccuracies in delegating costs and has negative impact on the company. Furthermore, the handiness of information aggregation processs and resources is one of the factors as good. In order to run a sophisticated ABC system, it needs plentifulness of financess and clip. Therefore, companies need to hold sufficient resources such as capital and professional technicians to run ABC. Furthermore, companies need to make research to construct up a set of singular processs for the system. If a company does non hold proper processs to roll up information that the system needs, it would non work decently and direction can non do the best determination and betterment for the house suitably. Therefore, insufficient of information can non ease an first-class activity-based costing system. The more information the company collects, the easier to put up the system and run more efficaciously. However, on the other manus, ABC system will non work successfully if the company does non hold sufficient information in puting up the processs. Hence, handiness of information is of import to impact the effectivity of ABC. To sum up, high handiness of informat ion aggregation processs and resources would ease an effectual ABC and frailty versa. In decision, activity-based costing system reduces deformation of costs and outputs information for direction to steer decision-making. Therefore, although implementing and ABC system is clip devouring and expensive, it is still worthwhile to run as the benefits from ABC normally exceeds the cost of put ining the system.

Cost of College Essay

When dropping my sister off at college many thoughts ran through my head. Thinking that she was no longer going to be at home, and that she was beginning a new chapter in her life struck me as odd. In the many thoughts I had, I did not think about how much her new chapter in life was going to cost my family. It did not hit me until we finished moving her into her dorm room and we went to the university book store to pick up her books. This was my first realization of how expensive college is. The costs of all her books for the coming semester came to a total around $500. I could not believe that this was just the beginning. In addition to the cost of books, students are required to pay for room and board, a meal plan, and the tuition. The increasing cost of college is causing many student to stop their education after receiving their high school diploma. According to College Board, â€Å"The average cost of a four year college is $7, 605 per semester. † Once the costs of books, food, room and board have been added into the cost of tuition, the total can be anywhere between nine to eleven thousand dollars. A four-year state college, which is often one’s last resort, cost about nine thousand dollars or more to attend. Unless a student earns an athletic or academic scholarship, college is a very costly investment. Often, students are required to take out multiple loans to help pay for their tuition which can sometimes take up to five years to pay back. As of today, the most expensive college in the United States is Sarah Lawrence College. This private college comes with the hefty price tag of $57,556 per year. Sarah Lawrence is followed by the well known Ivy League school, Columbia University, which costs around â€Å"$43,815 for tuition and fees and another $10,572 for room and board† (Wingfield). With costs like these for an education, college will soon be a privilege for only the elite and wealthy. The amount of money expected to be paid for a college education is outrageous and something needs to be changed. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, â€Å"In 1990 the cost of a four-year public school costs about $8,000 for a year† (Trends in the Cost of College). Now, in 2011, this is the average amount one would pay for a semester. Through the years there has been an obvious rise in the cost of a college education, almost a one hundred percent increase. It seems unreal that in just a little over twenty years the cost of college could grow by such a large margin. In 2012, the University of Missouri-Columbia, also known as Mizzou, is going to escalate the cost of tuition by five percent. This is a four hundred dollar increase per semester from the previous year. If looking at the big picture, Mizzou is receiving eight hundred dollars more per year from each student; multiply that number by the amount of students, and one will see the massive growth in money that Mizzou will be receiving. Now the question arises, was the raise in the tuition really necessary or simply greed? This rise in tuition will cause more people to loose their opportunity to gain a college education because it only becomes harder to afford. If the cost of college were to stay the same or maybe even decrease, more people may try to earn a college degree because they could afford it. Often because of the cost, many do not pursue a college degree and they end up with a lower quality job than those who have completed college. The high and rising cost of a college education is resulting in fewer students enrolling in colleges nationwide, leaving many campuses with fewer students than the years past. If the cost would decrease, more students would apply and in some cases, leave the colleges receiving more money. Because of the high and almost unaffordable cost of college, less working class people are able to afford a college education. Many academically average high school students struggle to afford college because without astounding test scores or a high GPA, they do not receive any academic scholarship. If the cost of college tuition was reduced, many more average students could afford a college education making the United States population a little smarter, and maybe it would have a lower unemployment rate. Works Cited: â€Å"Trends in the Cost of College. † National Center for Education Statistics. U. S. Department of Education,, 2010. Web. 24 Feb 2011. . â€Å"What It Cost to Go to College. † The College Board. The College Board, 2010. Web. 23 Feb 2011. . Wingfield, Brian. â€Å"America’s Most Expensive Colleges and Universities. † Yahoo Finance. Yahoo, 05 Oct 2010. Web. 23 Feb 2011. .

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Women & Narrative - Term Paper Example However, what makes American literature during this period remarkable are those written by Latin women authors, who have crossed bravely the boundaries of a well-established masculine culture not only by engaging into the literary world believed worthy only for men, but more so for what they write – â€Å"... their transgressive and contestatorial nature, and their critical reconsideration of hierarchical opposition, that make their texts revolutionary, conflictual, and dialectical...† (xi). Two Latin women authors worth of critical attention are Maria Lusia Bombal (1910-1980) – a Chilean fiction writer, who towed the dangerous literary path of revealing women’s innermost desires and power defiant of the realistic tradition in Latin America (Maria Luisa Bombal, par. 1), and Maria Luisa Bemberg (1922-1995) – an Argentinian self-professed feminist, whose critically acclaimed films had consistently depicted untraditional women, making her one of Latin America’s most significant female filmmakers (Maria Luisa Bemberg, par. 1). Though both writers tackled femininity from entirely different angles, indeed, both have contributed to a better understanding of women, as they have shaped a new consciousness that brings readers to confront long-ignored problems confronting women, such as ‘sexual abuse, abandonment, oppressive marriages, and the pressure of new-found independence’ (Mujica 44). To which Griselda Gambaro remarks, â€Å"... a w ork is feminist insofar as it attempts to explain the mechanics of cruelty, oppression and violence through a story that is developed in a world in which men and women exists† (qtd. in Jehenson xiii). But more than this, they were able â€Å"to change taken-for-granted views† (xiii). Silence is consent to abuse, as the famous saying goes. However, this is not the case in Bombal’s second novel The Shrouded Woman originally titled La

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Remembering who You Are - Essay Example In this mini-paper, I will tell the reader what has shaped my view of the world; what events have contributed to my personality; and, what I want to do with my life. So, here we go. Reader, I am the eldest daughter of my parents. This might be the reason that I feel many responsibilities on my shoulders. We lived in Saudi Arabia before moving to USA. My homeland was the most comfortable place to me where I was born, studied, and played. I had a few friends, boys and girls, but I felt that I was closest to my mom who was always there whenever I needed her for a good piece of advice. She had always advised me to be honest and pure throughout my life. Her pieces of advice have helped me a lot in many points in life. I still remember that I had fought with her a lot when she told me that father had decided to move to USA. â€Å"Baby, I want you to be mentally prepared because we are moving to USA†, was what she said to me, and I still remember how upset I was. However, I admitted because my teacher had also advised my parents to make me study in USA considering my intellect and capabilities. Also, my father wanted to have a better earning, so we moved to USA. After going through all necessary procedures, the day came when I was going to experience my first day in USA.

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CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 Case Assignment - Fallacies Coursework

CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 Case Assignment - Fallacies - Coursework Example All these features are evident in the fallacy of affirming the consequent that also incorporates a certain degree of assumption. Although Dr. Russell is new in the profession, Harold’s claims that he favors the new procedure do not suggest that he actually favors the procedure. Moreover, the place where Dr. Russell’s studied from as well as his claims should not influence the effectiveness of the new procedure. Hence, Harold’s irrelevant appeal to consequences is faulty. In responding to Harold, I employed fallacist’s fallacy. The response uses fallacist’s fallacy because it concludes that the truth value in Harold’s argument is false based on the premise that his argument contains a fallacy (Holt, 2006). Even though, Harold may be true in claiming that Dr. Russell favors the new procedure as effective, this is not evidence that Dr. Russell actually favors the new

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Security on the Internet - Research Paper Example Information technology and internet in the present scenario has become extremely important for every business organization. It has become the most appropriate means for carrying out long distance communication across global organizations. In addition, the continuous technological advancement is argued to inherent security risks. If the statistical reports are taken into consideration, multiple cases of online data theft and fraud can be brought up through which the safety and the integrity of internet can specifically be questioned (Koskosas et al., 2011). Moreover, by taking into consideration, the rising level of online attacks, it has become a challenge for the IT engineers to counter such unwarranted situations that might risk the integrity and survival of multiple organizations along with all the stakeholders associated with it. As a result, this report will focus towards evaluating the security issues identified within the IT structure of ‘XYZ Ltd.’ through which t he inappropriate loopholes that existed within the system can be identified. Adding to that, the report will also emphasize on the available solutions through which such security issues are being resolved (Koskosas et al., 2011). As already discussed above, security issues within IT organizations has become a common trend. Reason for this cause can be provided by taking consideration of the level of data being accessed within these companies on daily basis. Adding to that, majority of the IT companies appears to have taken appropriate steps regarding minimizing the percentage of confidential data loss. As a result, the procedure of centralizing the operational data is often opted. Nevertheless, the procedure of centralizing the operational data is perceived to increase the risk of data loss from the central servers. Moreover, in order to carry out the daily

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

No topic - Assignment Example In the 12 year period, the supply of cod continued falling. 7. The Canadian cod market between 1948 and 1958 cannot be rated to be perfect. It is worth noting that the population of cod remained relatively stable, but the demand and supply trend in the Canadian market fluctuated irregularly. Such a market is what may be referred to as an imperfect market. 8. It was in 1975 that Canadian government banned code fishing. However, regulation did not receive an optimal policy. The politics might have affected the implementation of the regulation s through lifting some of the restricting provisions. 9. The ban of cod fishing may be considered as an effective recovery strategy but it is slow. The explanation given is that the increase in the code production assumes an exponential series, which begins with a small increment, by larger and large population increments. It is expected that after some time, the population would be regenerated if the ban is held. Secondly, the eradication of cod from the ecosystem triggered an imbalance in the ecosystem food web and this will require sometime for recovery. 10. The fluctuation of the cod supply between 1968 and 1998 is expected to affect other fish markets. The fact that the cod supply went down implies that the pressure would be transferred to other fish species. This means that the demand for other fish species would increase. 11. Cod prey on other marine organisms including squid, lobsters, mollusks, mackerel, worms, whiting and haddocks, so on. The cod population has now responded to the changes in the food supply by adapting to other food types. 12. One way of reducing pressure on fish in the natural habitat is by resorting to the establishment of aquaculture. Aquaculture is expected to reduce the prizes of fish by catering for the demand and this can be explained based on the relationship depicted by the supply and demand curve. However, this rests upon the regulatory measures that are to be put in place.

Western and Chinese landscape painting Research Paper

Western and Chinese landscape painting - Research Paper Example The essay "Western and Chinese landscape painting" compares Western landscape painting with Chinese landscape painting. Most of these landscapes do exist up to now because they were and are still being used as archeological sites. Although landscape painting is believed to have been practiced all over the world, it is the Western and Chinese landscape paintings that are more predominant in archeological sites and art galleries that focus on landscape painting. Western and Chinese cultures depict a wide range of landscape painting. In most paintings, the background always contains a physical feature. In China, this is always accompanied with a waterfall or a mountain while in the West it is accompanied by rivers and lakes . To discus more about Western and Chinese landscape paintings, we will use landscape painting (1), Poet on a Mountain c. 1500 by Shen Zhou, to represent Chinese culture, as well as landscape painting (2), Poppies Blooming by Claude Monet to represent the Western cul ture. In Chinese culture, landscape painting was inspired by philosophy, represented by pure landscape and devoid of human life. Most of the landscapes were based on imaginary sceneries, such as mountain, but there was a common problem in bridging the gap between the foreground and background, or objects in far range. To solve this problem, most Chinese painters used a dead ground or the use of mist. However, in Chinese culture, there was a slight difference between the East and West Asia in the landscape paints.; in West Asia there was the classification of art according to its prestige and cultural value. This practice was known as hierarchy of genres while in East Asia the form of mountain-water ink was the most common and valued form of landscape art. East Asia dealt with imaginary landscape while the West painters dealt with history painting. With time, they required landscape painting and a poem inscribed on the painting with the use of figures to make landscape look more reli gious. A good example is one of the Chinese masterpieces by Shen Zhou which combined the painting and the poem as a religious saying: â€Å"White clouds encircle the mountain waist like a sash. Stone steps mount high into the void where the narrow path leads far. Alone, leaning on my rustic staff I gaze idly into the distance. My longing for the notes of a flute is answered in the murmurings of the gorge5." In Western culture, landscape painting philosophies were based on religious practices and carried significant spiritual weight. Also in the Western culture, artists tried to make the landscape art as real as possible6. In Chinese culture, their landscape painting aesthetics involved a lot of white or blank space, which allowed the observer to fill the void with his or her own imagination enabling different viewers to have different view of the painting, as this will depend on what or how they decided to fill the void. In addition, the Chinese landscape painting allowed the viewe r to focus on a particular image, as most of the paintings were usually blank, as in filled with mist or fog, to scrap the unwanted information, and with focused imagination allowed the observer to express his or her fillings to the image easily. In Western culture, landscape painting aesthetics included all the details that a naked eye could see when looking at a scene and this was to help the viewer to feel as if he or she was present t

Effectivenes of vitamin D and calcium in preventing falls Essay

Effectivenes of vitamin D and calcium in preventing falls - Essay Example The costs of falls management by the NHS have been increasing steadily and it is apprehended that by 2015 there will be 120,000 cases of fall each year (NHS report 2005). Computerized searches of the following data bases were carried out EMBASE, Medline, Cinahal, Cochrane Library Systematic review, BMJ, PubMed, NHS Economic Evaluation, NHS National Library for Health, Health Techonologly Assessment data base, Cochrane register of controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Google, Ovid, Proquest, British nursing index and Reference list from review articles. Relevant randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, meta analysis in which vitamin D or Vitamin D plus calcium was given and reduction of falls and fractures or prevention of falls and fractures was reported as the primary or secondary outcome. Male and female, male or female community dwelling older adults>60 who participated in randomized control studies that examined the effectiveness of vitamin D and or vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of falls and fractures Of the 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria the majority reviewed showed positive results on the supplementation of vitamin D or vitamin D plus calcium regimen reduced the risk of falls among older adults. In a pooled analysis of the 5 randomised control studies included in this study vitamin D therapy of (200-1000 IU) and calcium significantly resulted in the reduction of falls with an odds ratio of 0.814 in a 95% confidence interval of 0.715 – 0.926. I would like to acknowledge my son Jerome Scott for helping me with the typing of my notes. I would also like to acknowledge the help and support given to me by my colleagues at work whilst undertaking this course. Falls among the elderly is a major health and social care concern in the United Kingdom. According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation (2009), one in every two women and one in every

Liberalism and Colonialism Essay Example for Free

Liberalism and Colonialism Essay Liberalism is both egalitarian and inegalitarian, it stresses both the unity of mankind and the hierarchy of cultures, it is both tolerant and intolerant, peaceful and violent, pragmatic and dogmatic, skeptical and self-righteous. Bhikhu Parekh examines the writing of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, two of greatest liberal philosophers. Locke state that the Indians had cultivated and lived on their land for centuries and it was their ‘rightful inheritance’. He asked the English settlers for information about the Indian way of life, and built up an impressive collection of books dealing with the European exploration of the Americas. The Indian way of life offered a realistic contrast to, and provided most valuable insights into, the nature and structure of political society. Locke’s analysis of the nature of reason was complex and inconsistent, by and large he thought that it analysed and reflected on the sense impressions, perceived similarities and dissimilarities between different events and entities, traced their causes, and formed universally valid generalizations. Locke analysed English colonialism in America in terms of his theory of man and society. He argued that since the American Indians roamed freely over the land and did not enclose it, it was not their land; they used it as one would use a common land, but they had no property in it. In Locke’s view, English colonization not only did them no harm, but also respected their natural rights and conferred on them great economic, moral, cultural, scientific and political benefits. Locke characterized two modes of colonization, one based on ‘conquest by sword’ and represented by Spanish, the other based on commerce and represented by the English. Whilst Locke’s principle of equality offer at least some moral protection to Indians, it offered them no political protection. Indians were entitled to equality as individuals, but not as an organized society. As individuals their basic rights and interests were to be fully protected. Locke defined equality, it obtained only between the civilized nations and placed the non-civilized societies outside the pale of international law and morality. For John Mill’s philosophical ideas, Europeans were interested primarily not so much in unburdening their surplus population and settling in these countries as in trade, commerce and olitical control. This new phase of colonialism usually called imperialism. For Mill, man was a progressive being whose ultimate destiny was to secure the fullest development of his intellectual, moral, aesthetic and other faculties. In Mill’s view, human beings had both a natural and a historically acquired tendency towards conformity, which only a few were able to fight successfully on their own. For Mill as for most other liberals, individuality represented human destiny, but it was not underwritten by and even went against some of deepest tendencies of human nature. Like Locke, Mill divided human societies into two, but his principle of classification was different. In some societies, which he called civilized, human beings were in the ‘maturity of their faculties’ and had ‘attained the capacity of being guided to their own improvement by conviction or persuasion. By contrast all non-European societies were ‘backward’, and human beings there were in a state of ‘nonage’ and ‘infancy’. Although Mill stressed the value of diversity, he defined its nature and permissible range in narrow terms. He linked diversity to individuality and choice, and valued the former only in so far as it was grounded in the individualist conception of man. It ruled out traditional and customary ways of life, as well as those centred on the community. More so than Locke, Mill condemned the racist arrogance of and the misuse of political power by the colonial bureaucrats and yet he had no difficulty sharing the colonial contempt for native cultures and approving of the violence used to dismantle them. Both Locke and Mill shared a firm belief in the equality of men and used it to justify and regulate colonial rule. And they also failed to understand the extremely complex relationship between human being and their cultures. Liberals do believe in equal respect for all human beings, but they find it difficult to accord equal respect to those who do not value autonomy, individuality, self-determination, choice, secularism, ambition, competition and the pursuit of wealth.

Explosion Of The Digital Era Public Relations

Explosion Of The Digital Era Public Relations Public Engagement is a modern paradigm in the PR context and sets out how professionals should be listening and engaging with their key stakeholders in the 21st Century. Marshall Manson, Director of digital strategy at Edelman UK, describes the terminology as advancing shared interest moving from an influence pyramid to a world of cross-influence (pg 5). According to Edelman there are four attributes of Public Engagement; it aims to be democratic and decentralized, inform the conversation, call for engagement with stakeholders and finally make it clear how reputation is important. Public Engagement has to work in all four areas (Richard Edelman, 2008). Trust building both internally and externally, reputation management and transparency are the hallmarks of successful PR initiatives besides positioning the CEO. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill and G D H Cole (1968) came up with the term Participatory Democracy, which was the forerunner of Public Engagement. Mills supported a representative government with some form of public participation but on a limited scale. Wholesale participation could endanger political decision making and hence democracy. (Pateman1970) Engagement in politics had been regarded as reactive but it is now perceived as proactive. Dialogue and engagement with all parties is important to prevent loss of public trust (Edward Andersson, Simon Burall Emily Fennell, Involve 2010). The Big Society introduced by David Cameron 19 July 2010 sought public dialogue and involvement in decision making. Business and government rely on PR to establish trust and dialogue. Public engagement, like any conversation, is all about listening. Our world can be likened to a conversation and in order to be successful we need to listen ( Richard Edelman 2008). New technology has presented the public with effective tools for engaging in these conversations at a level never experienced before. A white paper published by Arthur W Page Society (2007) is a good example of how Public Relations practitioners and company leaders must change their strategies and business goals to be more authentic in the 21st century. The study looked at how CEOs saw their roles change with the culture of the environment. Environment is changing because of the emergence of all things digital, a global economy and a new breed of stakeholders. However, what it fails to do is to provide a way that can be used to enhance the role of the communication department in the future. According to the paper it believes that communication departments have lost control. In order to move forward they must adapt to new technologies, audiences and engagement models. Transparency is a key part of performing well in the 21st century, it encourages trust on behalf of employees and the public and is in demand more than ever (Michael Smith, Richard Hunter, Ken McGee, Gartner 2010). Public opinion surveys have confirmed the need for transparency in business and managing trust (Grunig, J.E 2009). For organisations to succeed in Public Engagement, they need to be informed, transparent, prospective and adaptive to their key stakeholders (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2008). Prior to current publications on Public Engagement, the term was mainly connected to the science world. A report written by Demos (2009) stated that the UK was now seen as a leader in public engagement within the science world. Public Engagement, it argued would only work when interest groups were included. Matthew C. Nisbet Dietram A. Scheufele (2007) argued that communication must be accessible to all sections of society. Advocacy, a term used by PR company Weber Shandwick, is defined as Public relations caught the first wave, the adoption of new technology to spread information But that first wave, sharing information with more segmented audiences, is cresting. A new one, a fundamental transformation of communication from information to advocacy, is rising (Jack Leslie, Chairman, Weber Shandwick Worldwide). It argues that personnel engagement is needed in order to be able to communicate with their audiences. It is evident that universities are becoming involved with the term Public Engagement. The National Co-ordinating Centre for Public Engagement (NCCPE) is part of the Beacon for Public Engagement project. Their aim is to encourage a change in how universities engage with the public and their stakeholders. ___________________________________________________________________________ Social Media Traditional PR skills are still helpful in bringing transparency to communications with stakeholders (Schlesinger 2010) but the introduction of Web 2.0 technologies has changed the world of communications for PR (Pavlik 2008) and Philips and Young (2009). Grunig, J.E (2009) noted that digital media has the potential to make the profession more global, strategic, two-way, interactive and socially responsible (pg 1 Paradigms of Global Public Relations in an Age of Digitalisation). However, he comments that this new media is being used ineffectively by practitioners. Some are using it, as they did with the old media, as a place to write messages rather than using it to interact with the public strategically. Grunig (2009) concludes that it can only be used effectively if social media is used to its full capacity. Public engagement has created new networks of influences and special online forums leading to a world of communication through Blog, Twitter and Facebook among many, impacting all walks of life (Edelman, 2009.) In 2009, 625 million people worldwide had access to the internet (McCann 2009). Sharing of social networking sites has created huge paradigms for PR. It has increased challenges for organisations for the crucial role played by transparency, quickness and clarity in response (Pavlik 2008). The rise in digital interaction and the surge in social media present the practitioners with enormous opportunities. According to McCanns Wave 4 report (2009), social media platforms are becoming the norm to create and share. In his study he noted how they presented unique opportunities to listen and observe. One way messaging is now outdated and anyone understanding this new communication world will succeed (Weber Shandwick). It is important to recognize that social media is also important within organizations, encouraging employee engagement. Enterprise 2.0 is a form of web 2.0 which is used for businesses only. They provide services such as Yammer, a corporate version of Twitter, and Chatter- a social-networking service (Economist 2010). According to Mashable (2010) the top five engaged brands in social media are Starbucks, Coca- Cola, Oreo, Skittles and Redbull. Starbucks have created a digital platform for the participation of public through My Starbucks Idea for communicating with customers by just listening to customers suggestions. Companies are benefitting from listening and improving their services for all stakeholders including customers. Richard Sambrook (the former head of BBC news) believes that every company should be a media company he says. Big companies are going directly to the consumer to engage them now, rather than through display or spot ads and the traditional means of trying to reach consumers. You cant just be out there shouting at people about your brand, youve got to engage with them quite carefully PR is there to help organisations to be honest and engaged with the Public in this new age of media and should not spin stories to the press (Independent 2010) A Stakeholder can be defined as anyone who is affected by the actions arising from any organisation, whether a public or private entity. When engaged, stakeholders can provide organisations with valuable feedback on society expectations leading to the generation of creative solutions and earning the organisation valuable stakeholder support (Lawrence Weber 2008). With the advent of technologically enabled tools there has been a democratisation and socialisation of the media leading to a greater involvement by all participants. Breaking news is today likely to be captured first on Twitter, or the like, rather than a news agency (WrightHinson 2009). This in turn has necessitated greater transparency and in turn enhanced the role of PR professional teams in the management of organisations day to day operations. The status of employees and customers has now been placed on an equal footing with shareholders and other governing participants. (Authentic Enterprise 2007). Evolving through p ublic engagement, the corporate communication function is set to play the role of catalyst in this new environment and the PR practitioner can help empower corporate culture and stakeholder confidence (Miller 2010). At a local level internal communication has become more significant in shaping the management and image of organisations (Authentic Enterprise 2007). Trust is a valuable commodity which needs to be nurtured; in times of crisis the trust relationship will play a significant role in shaping the outcome of adverse events. Encouraging a listening culture within management will enhance the perception of trust (Mazzei and Ravazzani 2010). This is a function that PR needs to develop to accommodate changing communication platforms and models. Strategies need to consider the social and behavioural changes brought about by the internet. There have been many communication models put forward over the past 60 years the principal ones being the Shannon and Weaver model 1949, Shramms Interactive Model 1954 and Grunigs and Hunts 4 Models (1984). It is important to look at communication models to see whether Public engagement is a new paradigm or simply an extension of these. Shannon and Wavers (1949) Mathematical theory of Communication is accepted as one of the most important models from which communication studies has grown ( Johnson and Klare 1961), albeit biased towards the technical aspects of communication research (John Fiske 1982). In contrast to the above models Schramm went on to create his model which emphasised two-way communication (1954) and introduced the concept of feedback. In problem solving scenarios open ended questions need to be asked in order to gain feedback and results. The two-way symmetric model, Grunig and Hunt (1984) is probably the most popular and widely used in todays PR industry. This model is described as being one that can build relationships and resolve conflicts. It is where the stakeholders have a say in what an organisation does and can have some power over policies. This model employs research, listening, and dialogue as tools to cultivate relationships with both internal and external strategic parties. Pieczka (1996) criticised the model as she felt that the study was biased to the two way symmetrical model and questioned the validity of his model. According to Phillips and Young( 2009),social media is causing a new communication paradigm. They believe that communication is shifting from the traditional hierarchical arrangement to an audience model encouraging horizontal discourse. This is confirmed by Edelman (2009). A further study by Grunig developed a model for excellent public relations ( Grunig 2002 ,Grunig Dozier ) It was found that the most successful PR departments took part or contributed to the strategic decisions of the company. Once stakeholders had been identified the study showed that successful PR departments developed programmes to communicate with them. According to Grunig (2002.) Excellence is seen as the balance between an organisation and the public. It was seen as the management of communications on a level that aided the strategic management role whilst maintaining the attention and cooperation of the public. As such the PR role was enhanced and perceived in commercial terms whereby long term relationships could be forged between strategic parties. Philip and Young (2009 ) argued that the new PR challenges the Excellence model. LEtang (2006) was also critical stating that the power imbalance between organisation and public was a flaw in the theory of two-way communication. However Grunig insisted that the model was revised over the years. There appears to be a gap in communication models in regards to Public Engagement although Grunigs fourth model is possibly the closest to it. It is evident that a new model of PR is needed. Whether it is to be called Public Engagement is something which has to be decided.

Swedish Government Response to Prostitution

Swedish Government Response to Prostitution According to the WHO, prostitution is the exchange of money or goods for sexual services. Over the past decade, governments policies on prostitution have been contested both in academia and in popular debates. There have been approaches adopted by different countries, with a significant shift away from prohibition, towards legalization and decriminalization of prostitution. Understanding how countries regulate prostitution laws and adapt to the various models is critical for governments to observe. By analyzing the stances of the government, those involved in the sex industry, and the public, they can provide insight towards which approach other countries may find beneficial. Therefore, this paper will focus on the political implications of the attempts of various governments in regulating prostitution. By passing the Sex Purchase Act in 1999, the Swedish government took an unprecedented approach, decriminalizing prostitutes but prohibiting the purchase of sexual services (citation). The Swedish Model is known as partial decriminalization which primarily focuses on the governments stance regarding prostitution as intrinsically harmful to women and a hindrance to the governments goal of achieving full gender equality (cite reliability of government source citation). Because the Swedish laws base their alignment on the underlying principle of the gender equality policy, the government approaches prostitution from a perspective of gender equality and human rights by prohibiting the purchase of sexual services criminalizing the buyers. The model recognizes prostituted women as victims who are unjustly treated due to their weaknesses and clearly reflects the governments policy which desires to empower women to get out of prostitution. The Swedish government claims that partial decriminalization has improved prostitutes rights and reduced the rates of prostitution (citation). The Social Security Scheme grants prostitutes access to welfare and health care as taxable workers. These programs assisted nearly sixty percent of Swedens prostitutes quitting the practice (citation). The reduction in demand for prostitution is another significant result of the Swedish Model. As the current legislation punishes buyers with huge fines and a maximum of twelve months in prison, men have become less inclined to buy sexual services. According to research from the Nordic Gender Institute, the number of clients in Sweden from 1996 to 2008 declined from 13.6 % to 7.9 % (citation). By focusing on the demand side through prosecuting buyers, it may be easier for Sweden to eliminate a market for prostitution. Swedens current legislation is founded upon the publics acceptance of the gender-equality policy, stressing the value that women are not commodities. A study in 2001 reported that over 80% of the population supported the law and the principles behind partial decriminalization (citation why it is relevant). As the law received significant support, Swedish public attitude concerning the Sex Purchase Act changed. Four opinion polls, Kuosmanen study, SIFO, Swedish branch of TNS, Custom Market Research, showed that more than 70 percent of those asked had a positive view of the regulation (citation relevant). Judging by the results of four opinion polls, the publics view reflects the societys support for the Swedish Model. Thus, the government cannot discount the influence of the gender equality policy in changing societal attitudes towards partial decriminalization. Liberal feminists and some sex workers actively critique the law, arguing that it leaves sex workers stigmatized. Liberal feminists see prostitution as a womans choice to have sexual relations. A sex worker writes in the British Medical Journal, saying, Prostitution is having sex for money, and neither having sex nor getting paid is inherently degrading, abusive, exploitative, or harmful. The problem is coercion, drug dependency, lack of choices, not prostitution itself (Prostitution shake-up). Liberal feminists argue that Swedish law fundamentally infantilizes women by stigmatizing prostitutes through propagating stereotypical notions that women who sell sex are victims of prostitution. They object to the fact that the Swedish government did not consult sex workers or organizations regarding the law-making process. Because of the inability to voice their rights and partake in influencing government decisions, liberal feminists claim that prostitutes have been left powerless. Due to the lack of women in Nevada during its settlement in the 1800s, prostitution was considered a vital commodity which brought about a tolerant attitude towards the legalization of modern day brothels (citation history). In 1971, Nevada passed a law giving counties the ability to legalize brothels. Eric Herzik, chairman of the political science department at the University of Nevada, contends that the law on prostitution started out similarly due to the political culture of a libertarian system of government, which has legalized prize fighting, gambling, and divorce (Las Vegas Review study relevance). Though Nevada is the only state in the United States where prostitution is legal, it is subject to restrictions. The law permits prostitution in brothels in eight of the sixteen counties and does not allow any county with a population over 700,000 to license brothels (citation). This type of legalization, also known as the Nevada Model, decriminalizes prostitution in brothels, requi ring government supervision with strict regulations. The effects of legalization had an immediate impact as prostitutes had to undergo medical tests. From the perspective of those involved in the sex industry, the Nevada model has ensured their health and safety. A recent study published in the American Journal of Public Health reveals that of the combined 3,290 clients of forty different legal sex workers, not one received sex without a condom (Albert and Warner). This result was due to a new law established in 1986 which required the mandatory usage of condoms during sexual activities. Moreover, the Nevada State Health Department reported that there were no cases of HIV/AIDS found in legal brothels (citation). The regulation has taken the health of prostitutes seriously to make brothels a safe and clean place (Brents and Hausback 2005). The installation of emergency buttons and regular police inspections have been the main reasons why some prostitutes prefer to work in a licensed brothel as they feel a sense of safety and receive pro tection from violence (citation). Since brothel owners consider prostitutes as independent contractors, they do not receive benefits of health care, vacation, retirement, or any other benefits full-time employees have. In response, prostitutes stress that regulation has discouraged them from getting licenses because they are left with about fifty percent of earnings after expenses, including boarding, maid services, condoms, and weekly medical checkups (citation). In addition to earning a meager living after paying all the expenses, they argue that the regulation fails to guarantee them unemployment insurances when fired (citation). While some view legalization as beneficial to prostitutes in regards to safety and health, others argue that the law imposes various obligations, overlooking violations of workers rights which benefits brothels and counties far more than individual prostitutes. The Swedish and Nevada models are examples of government choices in regulating prostitution. While the Swedish government and its proponents reason that partial decriminalization has fulfilled the gender equality policy, improved sex workers rights, and reduced prostitution rates, liberal feminists and those against the law claim that it has left prostitutes powerless and stigmatized. The government of Nevada and those involved in the industry acknowledge the health and security benefits of the law; however, sex workers argue that imposing strict rules further reduces their rights. Ultimately, the importance of understanding the two models and their political implications is vital as it may help governments to decide on which type of model they may enact in the future.

The Shinto Creation Story and Genesis Essay -- Scripture Analysis

â€Å"And God said let there be light, and there was light†¦Ã¢â‚¬  according to the Genesis story, an entity which bears no tangible face or bodily structure created the world with nothing more than a swift tongue. It bore the shape of the earth, the plentiful bounty of the soil, the beauty of animals, and the wonder known as humanity all within the timespan of seven days. It created the notion of societal law, moral principle, and a reverence for a deity by loyal subjects. And it instituted a harsh rule of law which instigated the idea that if any part of you, mind or body, were to disobey it, you would be punished in the now and in the after. Nonetheless, the Christian telling of how our world came to be, although following a path negligent of the idea of a multilateral approach to understanding God, seems to carry some similarities to that of Shintoism. Or differences? The Shinto creation story is a work of art in and of itself, not to mention it takes on the idea that mult iple humanoid deities, not an unidentified mass of spiritual benevolence, created this world. In addition, we take on a different approach to creation, in which rather than things being born out of spoken word, our world was actually artistically created by two master creators of land and sea, Izanagi no Mikoto and Izanami no Mikoto . First, let us analyze the particulars of the Christian Genesis story as to begin formulating the basis of comparison and contrast. We shall look at the two parts of Genesis, the first discussing the formulation of earth and its inner particulars, in concert with the first few verses associated with the second part of Genesis, which touches on the creation of the first man and woman: â€Å"Light is commanded to appear†¦ the light is divided f... ...ted human existence as the result of God’s benevolence, and his want to create a universe inhabited by beings of his own image and his perfection, not the other way around. However, both serve the purpose of representing their respective cultures, in the case of Japanese, who are proud of their unified state under the watch of Kami and his sub-deities, and the case of the world of Christians, who view God as a supreme being bound to a code of law which serves to protect their interests and ensure that their life is respected and continued. Works Cited http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/ http://crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/genesis.htm Shimazono, Susumu. 2005. "State Shinto and the Religious Structure of Modern Japan." Journal Of The American Academy Of Religion 73, no. 4: 1077-1098. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 23, 2012).

Death Leads To Maturity :: essays research papers

In the entire life cycle of a human being, teenage stage is the fun, memorable, and some time the wild part. In this teenage stage, the teenagers experiment with everything without caring about the consequences. For most people, the life prior to the teenage stage is the most exciting part because there are no worries; every thing is fun. When the teenage life begins, most of their behaviours change while adapting to various habits. They follow good and bad behaviours as the result of influences from their parents, friends, teachers and the society they live in. These behaviours and societal norms combined with enthusiastic nature makes teenagers do various things. The result of their activities gives them the basic knowledge of the real world. Dead Poets Society, by N.H. Kleinbaum, and A Separate Peace, John Knowles, are two novels that focus on the difficult journey towards maturity and the adult world of the teenage boys. They focus on the learning experience of friendship and self esteem through the death of others. Both John Keating and Finny (Phineas) are great leaders who face many difficulties in achieving their goal and often become the victims. Dead Poets Society opens with Keating being a substitute teacher for an English class and encouraging his students to make their lives meaningful and extraordinary by referring to the word â€Å"Carpe Diem† (25). This is the Latin word for seize the Day and he wants them to seek out their dreams and to believe in themselves. Keating believes that education requires the student to think for himself. He must be free to question and to learn in the way that he learns best. A Separate Peace opens with Finny being portrayed as a brave sixteen years old boy who strongly believes in and encourages other students in his class to act upon their wishes. Both characters are optimistic about making a change in other people’s lives to make them better. Keating encourages the students to write poems to express their feelings. Finny on the other hand, encourages his friends to skip classes and do wild things like jumping off the tree. Neil, one of Keating’s students, follows his wishes and disobeys his father. At the end, Neil kills himself when his father decides to take him out of school. Yet Keating is blamed for Neil’s death and is expelled from his position. The persistent theme of A Separate Peace is the fall of a complex friendship.

Simpsons Theories and episodes :: essays research papers

When Bart snaps a picture of Homer dancing with a belly dancer at a stag party, it gets photocopied and soon all of Springfield has a copy. Homer becomes the talk of the town but almost ruins his marriage to Marge. Marge insists in making Homer take Bart to meet the bellydancer so he can learn that women aren't sex objects, because she fears he's getting a bad lesson out of all of this. Homer and Principle Skinner send Bart to France in exchange for an Albanian student for the Student Exchange Program. Bart soon learns this trip isn't all its cracked up to be, he is forced to live with two slave-driving French winemakers at the Chateau Maison vineyard. While Bart slaves away, the Albanian student student Adil Hoxha steals classified secrets from the Nuclear Power Plant and sends them to his country. The police soon finds him and ends him back to his own country. Meanwhile, Bart finds out they are putting anti-freeze in the wine and escapes his tormentors' vineyard, managing to speak enough French to tell the authorities and become a national hero. Homer buys Marge a bowling ball for her birthday, so she starts takin bowling lessons with a French bowling instructor. As her game improves, Marge and Jacques spend more and more time together until tahey're spending every night together bowling. Homer tells Marge his feelings and reminds her of her loyalty to the family and she comes back. Homer and Marge go on a romatic dinner and leave Bart, Lisa, and Maggie with Ms. Botz, who the kids recognize from the show "Armed & Dangerous" as the notorious Babysitter Bandit! Lisa runs toward the phone to call the Armed & Dangerous hotline when Ms. Botz cuts the phone line. She quickly ties up Bart and Lisa and goes rummaging through the house, grabbing things that tickle her fancy. Bart and Lisa's only hope is Maggie who crawled out of her crib and untied them. Marge being the worrying mother she is calls but of course, gets no answer so she decides she wants to go home and check up on the kids.

South Africa Gdp Compared to Brazil’s

Personal quote: Through economics, engineer the world†¦ ECONOMICS 232 BRAZIL- SA REPORT Introduction In 2010, South Africa joined The BRIC and set its level of ambition not only as an African leader, but also as an emerging world class economy along Russia, China, India and Brazil. This report will analyze and look at the economic trends and fluctuations between the later and South Africa from the year 2000 to 2010 using released World Bank data. AnalysisAccording to the World Bank, South Africa GDP was of about one hundred and thirty two billion in 2000 while Brazil’s was at six hundred and forty four billion Dollars. Over the following decade 2000 – 2010, the two economies registered a considerable and equal improvement of their total production with a respective increase of 41 % for South Africa and 42% in the case of Brazil. The GDP per capita on the other hand increased at a lower rate over the same period. While South Africa leveled up by 22. 4%, Brazil bette red its GPD per capita by 25 . %. This further entails a GDP yearly increase of $ 1095 /capita with regards to the former, and $1409/capita for the later. A better look at aggregate expenditure components will provide more detailed resources in explaining the above increase of GDP within the two economies. In 2000, South Africa and Brazil consumption by households ( C ) was about 63% and 64% of GDP, largely above the rest of the components where total gross capital formation ( I ) lied low with 16% and 18% respectively, and lastly a total government expenditure ( G ) of 18 and 19%.As it appears, the two economies spent relatively equivalent proportions of their expenditure aggregate component on GDP. At the end of the decade,2010, total consumption ( C ) rose by 49 % for both economies, Investment ( I ) strongly incremented by 93% with regards to South Africa and 52% in the case of Brazil which correlated with a respective increase of 3. 17% and 45% increase in the money supply in b oth countries over the period.Parallel to the increase in GDP, the two economies registered noticeable increases of Gross Value Added ( VGA ). In fact, between 2000 and 2010, South Africa VGA increased by 38% while Brazil as usual experienced a little higher accretion of 41 %. Looking at sectorial contribution, tertiary sector imparted for more than half of total VGA in 2000 as illustrated by the graphs below. 1. 1 South Africa World Bank 2000 data analysis : Sectorial Contribution to VGA . 2 Brazil World Bank 2000 data analysis : Sectorial contribution to VGA In 2010, South Africa tertiary contribution to VGA only increased marginally by 3% and hence moved from 65% in 2000 to 68% in 2010 where it leveled up to Brazil’s. Conversely, primary and secondary sector contribution deteriorated between 2000 and 2010 . The South African primary sector declined from 3% to 2% while the secondary also experienced a marginal decline of 3%.On that point, Brazil went through proportional ch anges with secondary sector falling from 28% to 25%, leaving the primary with a small yet surprising amelioration of its contribution from 5. 60% to 5. 86% . Graph 2. 1 and 2. 2 provide a more visual depiction of the above facts. 2. 1 South Africa World Bank 2010 data analysis : Sectorial contribution to VGA 2. 2. Brazil World Bank 2010 data analysis : Sectorial contribution to VGA Besides the above increase in VGA, another important factor to be onsidered is how the level of openness of both countries drastically evolved over the decade 2000 -2010. South Africa exports incremented by 13% while Brazil’s skyrocketed by 86%. This implies that Brazil opened to the rest of the world at a much higher level, local firms growing into world competitors, which not only appreciated the country’s currency but increased its competiveness and decreased dependency on imported products. South Africa imports increased by 73% in contrast to Brazil which only increased by 21%.This high level of imports from South Africa will eventually result in the deterioration of the balance of payment. Moreover, while Brazil rate of unemployment oscillated between 6 and 9% over the decade, South Africa experienced a rather high rate of unemployment, the lowest in 2007 and 2008 with an average rate of 23% and the highest between 2002 and 2003 with an average of 31%. Conclusion This report deciphered and revealed an objective analysis of two BRICS economies, precisely South Africa and Brazil over ten years, 2000-2010. Erouane Langard 747 Words

Freedom of Air

* First liberty of the station the sound or privilege, in reward of plan internationalisticistist bare serves, minded(p) by atomic number 53 distinguish to other maintain or reconciles to fly across its ground without farminging (also know as a First exemption salutary). * Second license of the mail the dear or privilege, in keep of schedule international dividing line returns, given(p) by sensation nominate to some other tell or States to land in its filth for non- job purposes (also known as a Second freedom Right). leash Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international zephyr services, granted by one State to another State to hurl down, in the grunge of the foremost State, traffic coming from the floor State of the holder (also known as a terzetto Freedom Right). * Fourth Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the substructure State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). ordinal Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put in down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a twenty percent Freedom Right). ICAO characterizes all freedoms beyond the ordinal as so-called because only the first v freedoms have been officially accept as much(prenominal)(prenominal) by international treaty. ordinal Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between twain other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the cinque Freedoms Agreement. Seventh Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. Eighth Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or consecutive cabotage). 9th Freedom of The Air th e right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely in spite of appearance the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or stand alone cabotage). reservoir http//www. icao. int/icao/en/trivia/freedoms_air. htm

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

Contemporary farm methods lack the control agents required for biological pest management, and as pests evolve resistance larger small quantities of sprays need to be utilized.Key words: Irrigation, Design, Water Management, Operation SystemsINTRODUCTIONWater required by crops is supplied by nature in theform of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then more necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost. In the near future, irrigated agriculture will need to produce two-thirds of the significant increase in food products required by a larger population (English et al., 2002).Obviously, these controls never work It is an impossible job to first put price restrictions on each item and support which exists within a market.Criteria and procedures have been developed to improve and rationalize practices to apply water, through soil leveling, irrigation system design, discharge regulations, adduction structures, and control equipment. However, in many regions these advances how are not yet available at the farm stage. Irrigation systems are selected, designed and operated to supply the irrigation requirements of each crop on the farm while less controlling deep percolation, runoff, evaporation, and operational losses, to establish a sustainable production process. Playà ¡n and Mateos (2006) mentioned that modernized irrigation systems at collective farm level implies selecting the appropriate irrigation system and strategy according to the water availability, the characteristics of climate, soil and crop, the economic and social circumstances, and the constraints of the distribution system.

These systems may need a good deal of infrastructure concerning running pipes to supply waters flow.Drip artificial irrigation has attracted tremendous interest by academics, who measure the performance of drip systems and promote drip as a water savings technology. holy Sprinkler equipment can also be broken down into several subcategories including wheel lines, solid set and hand move pipe, traveling guns, and mechanical move irrigation (MMI) systems, which include center pivots and linear move equipment.While older and less enthusiastically embraced by academics than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems and particularly MMI systems have become the leading technology used in large agricultural applications for efficient irrigation. With the advent of new Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) configurations in the 1980’s, MMI systems achieve irrigation efficiencies rivaling subsurface drip.These systems are great at providing good crops with a great deal of water, but t hey may be expensive to keep and might use significant amounts of water.IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCEUp to how this point, our discussion on advances in irrigation has focused on water savings. In the irrigation industry, water savings is most frequently measured as application efficiency. Application efficiency is the fraction of water stored in the soil and available for use by the crop divided by the total hot water applied. For subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), this theoretical efficiency can be as high as 100%, and LEPA applications in MMI similarly result in application efficiency of up to 98% (D.

Irrigation might be required in sizeable locations.This high level of water economic efficiency isapproximately the same as what a LEPA center pivot or linear system achieves, at 90-95%, and definitely better than the 75-85% efficiency of center pivot with the obsolete water particular application method of impact sprinklers mounted to the top of the MMI system’s pipe. Gravity flow installations are typically around 40%-50% efficient. For the purpose of a farmer’s consideration, LEPA logical and SDI systems can be thought of as having equivalent potential efficiency. Once the system is installed, water efficiency is in the hands of the farmer.Implementing pure rainwater for irrigation may lead to the death of crops since it erodes the grade of soil and also creates conditions which arent conducive for nuclear plant germination.Such flushing is not a requirement with MMI equipment. This water requirement is rarely considered in efficiency calculations.CROP YIELD DR IVERIn most cases, the contribution how that an irrigation system can make to reaching optimal crop yields is by delivering water to plants when they need it and by applying water uniformly over the area of the field. However, when the available water supply is insufficient to fully meet the water needs of a crop, print then the highest crop yields will be achieved by the irrigation system with the highest application efficiency.

Agriculture encompasses a broad array of specialties.Uniformity of MMI systems is fairly ffrench constant over time. Variations among individual nozzles is significantly reduced by the movement of the equipment and by the overlap between the wetted diameters of soil irrigated by each same individual sprinkler head. Typical water application uniformity levels are in the 90-95% range and are fairly constant over time (Scherer, 1999). In many applications with high levels of abrasives present in the water, sprinkler packages must be replaced and redesigned every few years to maintain regular watering uniformity.It has played an integral part in the development of civilization.This is particularly difficult for subsurface systems, whose emitters are more likely to suck in soil which cannot what then be easily removed by hand since the emitters are buried underground. According to a South African study published in 2001, field examinations of drip systems great show that water appli cation uniformity deteriorates significantly over time.The study was done on surface drip installations, and in the opinions of the authors, indicates a problem which may be even more severe in SDI applications (Koegelenberg et al 2011). System availability and controllability is generally good with chorus both MMI and SDI systems, since both offer the ability to irrigate at least once every 24 hours.

Zero tillage commercial agriculture also should be utilized.As salts build up in soil, crop yields decrease. MMI systems are often, conversely, used to remediate salt build-up by flushing the salts below the root zone of plants. Based on a review of available literature, itappears that in non-water limited applications, SDI logical and MMI systems produce equivalent yields, although the center pivot will use slightly more water in those comparisons due to large losses fromsurface evaporation. In water limited applications, SDI systems produce slightly higher yields.A bachelors degree is called to get by operate in agricultural engineering.(O’Brien et al 1998). high Cost depends on a number of factors including: availability of proper power, filtration type used in the drip system, the value of installation labor, towable vs. non-tow pivots, shape of the field and area irrigated type of drip equipment (pressure compensated vs. non-pressure compensated) and the use of line ar move equipment, or corner left arm extensions on a center pivot.

Engineers that have a masters degree or a Ph.Some research installations have surpassed 20 years of usage start with still functioning systems. Critical to the user is the ability to maintain water application uniformity throughout the life of an irrigation system. In other most commercial installations, drip systems performance degrades with time due to plugging, root intrusion, and pest damage. Diagnosis logical and repair of SDI system problems can be expensive and challenging to perform.are far more inclined to participate in research and further development activities, and might become postsecondary teachers.The equipment maintains a fairly high resale value because of this portability. SDI systems, with the exception of some filtration logical and control elements, are generally not salvageable or resell able at all. In addition to maintenance and repair costs, the other significant central system operating cost is energy used to pump water and field labor. Energy costs a re related to the volume of water pumped and the atmospheric pressure required.

Another place to search for efficiencies is timing.Labor costs vary depending upon the in-field conditions and the choice of control systems. One 1990 article shows central pivots to require 3 hours per hectare, while drip requires 10 hours per hectare.(Kruse et al, 1990). Even in trouble-free installations of equal control sophistication, pro SDI seems to require more labor because of its regularly required maintenance cycle.Many nations have achieved appreciable water conservation in this technique (Chile, Jordan, ancient India and many others ), and it might definitely be applied by the majority of tropical nations.Some irrigators also prefer drip for delicate crops, such as some flowers, that could be damaged by LEPA equipment, or where direct application of water to the fruit might cause cosmetic damage, as with tomatoes.Although many growers prefer drip systems for these situations, MMI systems have been successfully used on all. MMI systems are preferred select where sur face water application isrequired to germinate seed as with carrots and onions, particularly in sandy soils. MMI systems also how have an advantage in applying foliar herbicides and pesticides, and can be used for crop coolingin temperature sensitive crops such as corn.

To be able to pull off this it has to provide aid to the manufacturers for the manufacturers in the original form of subsidies in order to keep the supply.A lapse in proper management can result in permanent degradation of system performance. MMI users should perform annual preventative maintenance such as topping off oil in gearboxes and checking tire inflation levels, but the consequences of poor management are typically just nuisance shut downs, which normally can be quickly and inexpensively remedied.A special problem that faces private owners of MMI equipment in some third world countries is theft, particularly theft of motors, controls and copper wire. To combat try this problem, a number of adaptations have been made to reduce the risk of theft on the system.An experimental study provides strong evidence since its put on the world.Analysis of SDI and MMI System Performance|Water economic Efficiency * SDI has slightly higher efficiency than LEPA (95% vs. 90-95%) in resear ch installation. * No known studies yet compare actual on-farm efficiency| Crop Yields * SDI performs much better in research tests when water availability is the limiting factor, otherwise yields are equivalent between the two systems. * Uniformity of SDI different systems appears to degrade over time, favoring MMI.

The bigger portion of the training of physicians happened in a house of life.* MMI systems have long lives (25 few years on average). SDI can have a life of 10-15 years if proper maintenance is performed. * Ongoing maintenance costs of SDI are 3-5 times higher than MMI.* Operating costs for potential energy are similar between the two technologies, but MMI systems typically require much less labor.Such endeavors can function to the expansion of areas.| Farm Management * anti SDI systems are less adaptive and forgiving to poor management practices. * Theft is an issue for mechanized systems in some third world markets. * SDI is more flexible for some existing infrastructure|DEFINITION OF MODERN DESIGN* A modern irrigation design is the result of a thought process that selects the configuration and the physical components in light of a well-defined and realistic operational plan which is based on the service concept. * Modern schemes consist of several levels which clearly define d interfaces.

* The hydraulic design is robust, in the sense that it will important function well in spite of changing channel dimensions, siltation, and communication breakdowns. Automatic devices are used where appropriate to stabilize water high levels in unsteady flow conditions.ADVANCES MADE IN IRRIGATIONMICRO IRRIGATIONDuring the last three decades, micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development and the uptake of the new technology increased from 3 Mha in 2000 to more than 6 Mha in 2006. Micro-irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and pure emitters (see Figure below).B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in applying water to the root zone of plants without raising the water table. Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany in the 1920s and in 1934; O.E.Instead of releasing water throu gh tiny holes, blocked easily by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer narrow passage ways by using friction to slow the water flow rate inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type what was established in 1959 in Israel by Blass, where he developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. The Micro-sprayer concept was developed in South Africa to contain the dust on mine heaps. From here much more advanced developments took place to use it as a method to apply water to mainly agricultural crops.Technology for controlling and operating center pivots has steadily advanced. Kranz et al. (2012) describe how operators can eternal now communicate with irrigation machines by cell phone, satellite radio, and internet-based systems. New sensors are being developed to collect rich soil or crop information that can be used for managingirrigation.

Finally, Martin et al. (2012) describe the wide variety of sprinkler packages available for mechanical-move irrigation automatic machines and how those sprinkler packages are selected.Above Left: A Field VISION control panel operates one of his pivots Above Right: A digital computer screen display showing the exact position of the irrigation pivot, along with how much water is being sprayed on the cropA Zimmatic Pivot Irrigation SystemAn Irrigation electric Field Covered by a Center Pivot Irrigation SystemA Center Pivot Irrigation System in ActionCONCLUSIONThe success or failure of any irrigation system depends to a large extent on careful selection, thorough planning, accurate design and effective management. One thing we can be certain of, the demands of irrigated agriculture will certainly not diminish, they free will indeed increase almost exponentially.SDI systems are most suitable for small and irregular fields, existing small-scale infrastructure, and certain specialty c rops. These innovative technologies require significant investment. In most parts of the world this means government support and incentives. Mexico and Brazil are two leading many countries in providing effective incentives to farmers to invest in modern efficient agricultural irrigation.REFERENCESEnglish, M.J., K.H.A paradigm shift in irrigation management. J. Irrig. Drain.

logical and B. A. King. 2012., D.C. McKinney, and M.W.Syst. 76:1043-1066. James Hardie. 2011.Bjornberg.2012. Droplet kinetic energy of moving spray-plate center-pivot irrigation sprinklers. Trans.

2011. Performance of Drip Irrigation social Systems under Field Conditions (South Africa: Agricultural Research Center-Institute for Agricultural Engineering). Kranz, W. L.Lamm. 2012. A review of center-pivot irrigation control and automation technologies. Applied Eng.Stewart, logical and R.N. Donald. 1990.Singh. 2003. Regional water management modeling for decision support in irrigated agriculture. J.

Martin, D. L., W. R.2012. Selecting sprinkler small packages for center pivots. Trans. ASABE55(2): 513-523.14(4), (1998): 391-398. Playà ¡n, E., and L. Mateos.80:100-116. Rogers, D. 2012.LEPA Irrigation Management for Center Pivots.